15 Commitments to Conscious Leadership and Chinese Classics - Get a Better View

Heard about this "15 Commitments to Conscious Leadership" from an Awesomeoffice podcast. It was highly praised. I find it great too. But is it good enough? Is that all to leadership?

More information for the 15 Commitments to Conscious Leadership can be found here.

So I do a quick comparison with the teachings from Ancient Chinese Philosophies and Classics on this as well. I recalled learning about Stephen Covey's 7 Habits for effective people and his 8th habit. They are very good stuff too. So I added it to get a more complete picture. Here is the mind-map that show the main points.

The mind-map was updated on 12 July 2019:
Added The Book of Virtues by William J. Bennett, Jim Collins Level 5 Leadership & Steve Jobs.



On further thought, how can you judge whether someone teaching of leadership is any good? Is it comprehensive? You must have a model of the situation first. Here is my leadership reference model:

From which we can derive the following key things to judge any leadership.

Leadership should cover three key things:

1.  The Leader's character, qualities, and capabilities. This is covered well in the 15-Commitments, Stephen Covey's habits, and the teachings of Lao Zi, Confucius.
2. The Group Dynamics. This is covered in my I-Ching model of leadership.
   For more see 4 Basic and 5 Orientation Principles of Leadership from I-Ching
3. Situational and People Dependence:
   Sean Thye Peng Ng (see his comments below) pointed out Situational Leadership of Blanchard and even though it is covered in point 2, I just want to bring this point out for emphasis. Geoffrey Moore is his book "Escape Velocity" covers four modes of execution and leadership and includes a transitional phrase which is usually omitted in the typical S-curve growth model.

Of course, leadership is such a broad and important subject to be covered in such a small mind-map. But I hope it is useful to cover the same leadership subjects from the perspectives of the East (namely Chinese) and West.

One more thing here is Lao Zi's on levels of leadership and teaches us that the very best leaders lead invisibly! The people said they achieve success all by themselves and are not even aware of the necessary underlying resources and structures provided by their leaders.

Lim Liat (c) 13 Dec 2016

Comments from FaceBook on an earlier version of the post:

Sean Thye Peng Ng Check out the leaderful concept by joe raelin. I think the focus of all such "attributional" kind of leadership is still too focused on a certain single individual. Of course it is relevant still but the question is "is leadership the issue for some individuals who are give the hierarchical positions or is it really the responsibility of everyone in the group". There is also situational leadership as pioneered by Hersey and Blanchard. Much of the western leadership models had moved beyond the "elite" and attributional models and focus a lot more on the group (as u also highlighted under group dynamics). Perhaps it is good to do a piece to link the Chinese classics against these group based leadership model.

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Liat Lim Thanks for pointing out situation leadership model. It is closer to the Chinese model of situational and personality dependent.

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Liat Lim I read Joe Raelin leaderful as suggested. It is similar to the self-directed, self-management, organization that are getting popular. See for example http://www.holacracy.org/. Ancient Chinese I-Ching #1 Heaven, the last ideal stage, said 用九：见群龙无首，吉。 Dragons in a group without a chief, Good Fortune. I-Ching says no chief is good fortune. That's the leaderless or better leaderful organization stage.

Holacracy

The traditional hierarchy is reaching its limits, but “flat management” alternatives lack the rigor needed to run a business effectively. Holacracy is a third-way: it brings structure and discipline to a peer-to-peer workplace.

HOLACRACY.ORG

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Sean Thye Peng Ng Yes, all these like the Holacracy is based on the concept of complex adaptive system (CAS) which draws largely on the basis of social constructionism. Self-organization is the characteristics of CAS and it is through SO that emergence and evolution can happen. SLM and Leaderful concepts will thrive in such CAS context usually - or rather more relevant. Traditional Organizational theory is now found limited in terms of how to derive more value from organizational actors, in particular the "normal and traditional" way of organizing, leading and managing may no long suffice the current state of organizations, most of which are knowledge based. As compared to since F.Taylor management science times when the gap (in knowledge, skill, attitude - KSA) between mgr and workers were much bigger, the KSA gap now is significantly reduced, hence, requiring a different paradigm of leadership, management and organizing. Leadership is too big a topic to study in isolation, and needs to be looked at from various angles. - 群龙无首吉也，群羊不可无首。need to be looked at in the proper and appropriate context.

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Liat Lim Like 群🐑不可无首。易经will say, 见群羊无首，凶。

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Liat Lim Sean Thye Peng Ng , you raised very good points. Can I copy your comments and post it on that blogspot post so that others can learn from it?

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Sean Thye Peng Ng Sure.

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Liat Lim thank you.

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Skill vs Wisdom - Doing Things vs Becoming a Mature Man - DaoDeJing 48

The modern world stresses on acquiring skills to do things whereas the Ancient Chinese places wisdom as the development of character before acquiring of skills. We then better understand the problems of this modern world. DaoDeJing 48

DaoDeJing Chapter 48 Text and Translation:

1 为学日益，为道日损，

Education is about acquiring increasing knowledge of skills.

Acquiring the Wisdom of Dao is about decreasing the desires of self.

2 损之又损，以至于无为；

Decrease and decrease further until one does not do things to satisfy one own desire against the Dao.

3 无为而无不为。

Without insisting on selfish work will lead to doing everything that follows Dao.

4 取天下常以无事，

The way to gain the world is to regular no doing anything against Dao.

5 及其有事，不足以取天下。

If there be any work for self, then one will not be equipped to gain the world.

Skill vs Wisdom

We acquire skill so as to be more productive in doing work. Wisdom, however, is about how can we be a better person. All the knowledge and skill without the right character will only create a bigger threat for the world. Consider nuclear bomb vs swords, which is more destructive? Hence we can appreciate the wisdom of Ancient Chinese that places the development of a character before acquiring of skills. This is also where the modern education system fails. We stress on skills and not character and we wonder why highly qualified and intelligent graduates from the ivy league colleges cheated and create the great financial crisis of 2008-2009. Unless we change, expect more such nasty crimes. Oops! The banks and financial institutions were bailed out. The CEOs left with great pay and bonuses. Only the Icelanders did it right.

The Meanings of WuWei无为 No Action

This chapter teaches us some meanings of WuWei - No Action.

1. It is not about no action. It is about the decreasing of the something that is against Dao. Lao Zi says the more we have of Dao we will have less of this thing against Dao. The best is there is no more such against. Dao is the righteous way and so the opposite will be sinfulness. More of Dao and less of sins is the teaching here. Hence,
2. No action actually means no sinful deeds. i.e. no violation of Dao.
3. Replacing no sinful acts with righteous acts is taught by Lao Zi in verse 3. As long as it is right, do it. Here we see the positive aspect of Lao Zi teaching. This is repeated by Lao Zi chapter 63 and 64 and other places as well. (63 为无为，事无事，味无味。64 是以圣人无为故无败，无执故无失。)
4. The consequence of doing right and remove wrong will lead to the gaining of the whole world. We know why people who want to conquer the whole world fail. It is because their motives and their methods were wrong. They want to conquer by selfish gains and by force.

Lim Liat (c) 25 Nov 2016

Learning is by Reflection - Mind-mapping & Scientific Methods - DaoDeJing 47

Most learning that is taught is "Monkey see monkey do" kind of rote learning by repetition and memorizing. That is easy but not true learning. Reflection and re-organizing enable learning with meaningful understanding and extension for application all areas. Lao Zi shows us in DaoDeJing 47.

DaoDeJing Chapter 47 Text and Translation:

不出户，知天下；

Never go out the door and yet know all things in the world.

不窥牖，见天道；

Never look out the window and yet see the laws of heaven.

其出弥远，其知弥少；

The farther one travels, the less one seems to know.

是以圣人不行而知，

Hence, the sages don't travel and yet know.

不见而名，不为而成。

See not and yet understand. Not stressing and yet accomplished.

How do we learn?

The most basic level of learning is to memorize. Monkeys see and monkeys do. It is called rote learning. It is purely memory-based learning. Other parts of the brain are not fully engaged. The learning is not digested. The knowledge is captured as a linear list of items. When the list is short, it is ok. If the list if very long, we will soon run out of the ability to retain them for long. We cannot apply the knowledge when the situation is a little different from the items in the list. This is the key that explains why certain students study hard and yet fail while some bright students seem to study little and yet score high in tests.

Reflect and Re-Organize the Knowledge to See the Patterns 

True learning comes from exercising the mind to process the linear lists of facts. We must re-organize the list into a tree or a network of patterns, grouping those that are similars and differentiating the differences and understanding the purpose, parent-child relationships and other aspects such as the 5W1H questions. Once we can see the patterns, we can predict the missing information. We can go up the tree to see the parental groups or down the branches to see the various sub-species. Once you tell me that a Dolphin is not a fish but a mammal, I can immediately figure that Dolphin has lungs instead of gills. Have hair instead of scales. It gives birth instead of laying eggs. You can see the power of a digested knowledge mind-maps.  See my Thinking Frameworks and the series on mind-mapping for the details.

Going Beyond Surface Observations

With that understanding above, we can understand what Lao Zi has written. We are to go beyond what our observations have shown us and understand why they are so. It is the scientific approach to learning things. Once you grasp Newton Laws, we can use it to make all kinds of machinery that do wonderful work for us. Once you grasp Einstein's theory of relativity, we can better understand the universe and know how to send our rocket and spaceship into space. Similarly, when we truly understand Dao, we can apply it not just in our physical world, but for our social and spiritual world as well. 

Lim Liat (c) 25 Nov 2016

The Greatest Sin is Greed - DaoDeJing 46

The greatest sin is greed. Why? It causes all the wars and disasters said Lao Zi in DaoDeJing 46. The solution is to be contented.

DaoDeJing Chapter 46 Text and Translation:

天下有道，却走马以粪；

When the world practises the Way of Dao, then horses are used to fertilize the fields.

天下无道，戎马生于郊；

When the world follow not the Way of Dao, then war horses are to be found at the wilderness.

祸莫大于不知足，

There is no greatest disasters than not knowing contentment.

咎莫大于欲得；

There is no sin greater than greed (always wanting to have more).

故知足之足，常足矣！

Hence, knowing one has enough already is contentment and will always be so satisfied.

The Greatest Sin is Greed

Lao Zi contrast peace and war.  When there is peace, the horse is a tools for farming. When there is a war, horses becomes the tools for destruction. The root cause is the greed of man - always wanting more. 

The Bible has a similar saying in James 4  (NET Bible) Where do the conflicts and where do the quarrels among you come from? Is it not from this, from your passions that battle inside you? 2 You desire and you do not have; you murder and envy and you cannot obtain; you quarrel and fight. You do not have because you do not ask; 3 you ask and do not receive because you ask wrongly, so you can spend it on your passions.

Greed is a very deceptive kind of sin. Sins like stealing, killing, adultery are known by the acts. But greed is very difficult to define. How much is enough and how much more is greed? Ask anyone if he/she has greed, and the answer will be no. Yet, we always want more that what we get. If always think that if only I can earn some more, I will be happy. But when we reach our wish, we wish to have more. That's greed but we think it is not. It is so natural, how can that be a sin of greed?

The solution is to know contentment.  Lao Zi shows us how to have contentment in A Happy Long Life is as Simple as 123 - DaoDeJing 44.

Lim Liat (c) 25 Nov 2016

The Best is Yet to Be - DaoDeJing 45

Most people misunderstand that Lao Zi is telling us to be at rest, passive, contented to the point of almost laziness. The true teaching of Lao Zi is actually the opposite, be busy, with only one qualification, doing the right things taught by Dao. Here you see that Lao Zi is teaching us to go for excellence with peace of mind. DaoDeJing 45.

DaoDeJing Chapter 45 Text and Translation:

1  大成若缺，其用不弊；

The great accomplishment seems incomplete. However, using it has no problem.

(There is always area for improvement. Completeness spells death of change).

2  大盈若冲，其用不穷；
The great fullness seems like the rushing waterfalls. However, it can be used without exhaustion.

3  大直若屈，大巧若拙，大辩若讷

The great straightness seems crooked.

The great skill seems rough.

The great debater seems slow of speech.

4  躁胜寒，静胜热

Movement overcomes coldness.

Rest overcomes the heat.

5  清静为天下正。

The right way for the world is to be transparently clear and restful [through no forceful action].

Complete means No More - The END 

In I-Ching, there are 64 Hexagrams. The 63rd is Complete and the last 64th is Incomplete. Hence, it will cycle on without end. If we put Complete as the last hexagram, then it is all over when we are complete and there will be no continuation. Never think that we have completed or else we will make no improvement. Things are ever changing. What is complete for now may not be when things change. So, we must have the attitude of always learning and making improvements.

GO for Excellence Not Perfection

The 2nd part of verse 1 shows that even it is incomplete, there is no fault or no problem in using it. The lack is not real. We think we need it to be perfect to be useful, but in practice, it is enough to do the job well. It is defect free in its use. Don't ask for and demand perfection, make something useful first and then continue to make improvements to better and better.

Fullness should be Overflowing without end

If we fill a bucket water to the edge, we think it is full.  But it is useful for one use. Is it really full? Lao Zi tells us that true fullness is overflowing with goodness without end. It is like the waterfalls where the water flows without end. We can use and use and it was never exhausted. That is true fullness. If our patience can be exhausted we are not really very patience indeed. So is our love, faith or hope. True virtues are never exhausted.

Appearance and Reality Differ

Maybe Lao Zi understands that the earth is round. Any truly long straight line is actually not straight but it curves around the surface of the round earth. Morally speaking, straight is not unbending. Lao Zi in "Reality is the Opposite, So Cheer-up - DaoDeJing 41" speaks about this, the great square has no corners. 

Right Action for the Right Situation

If we are feeling cold, then some actions will generate some heat. If we are feeling hot, then resting will help in reducing the heat generated.  What we do depends on the situation. That is the principle of fitting the situation. This is also a principle of 无为 WuWei, No forcing action.

The Right Way is Quietly and Calmly Follow the Way

What is the best way to success and to manage the world? Be calmly at rest first to discover the Dao and then calmly and quietly follow the Dao. Don't be emotional, either happy or fearful, but be calm and objective to study and to come out with answers. Peace of mind is needed to observe well and to think clearly and creatively.

Know that contentment and aspiration do not conflict. Both can be done at the same time in The Great Wisdom for Living - DaoDeJing 33

Lim Liat (c) 25 Nov 2016

The Most Powerful Force is Gentleness - E=mc^2 - DaoDeJing 43

The greatest power is gentleness or softness. It is more powerful than the hardest object. In its extreme form, it is substanceless void, like the electromagnetic force, energy without the mass, able to penetrate any solid wall. This is the principle of formless, the real meaning of non-action action, working without attracting attentions. Lao Zi give examples how such can be applied in DaoDeJing 43

DaoDeJing Chapter 43 Text & Translation:

1 天下之至柔，驰骋天下之至坚。

The greatest gentleness in the world run circles around the hardest of the world.

2 无有入无间， 吾是以知无为之有益。

The thing that is without a body can enter into that without any gap.

Hence, I understand the benefits of not forcing your way.

3 不言之教，无为之益，天下希及之。

Teaching without talking (by exemplifying behavior), the benefits of non-violating action, the world know very little to do them.

Gentleness is stronger than Hardness
The direct way is to push forward, to break through any obstacle in  front. But there are many other ways to overcome an obstacle. Direct is fine if your strength is greater than the obstacle. When it is not, there are many other indirect ways. Lao Zi says the gentle and flexible is more powerful. We can take a route around the obstacle which will be longer but we don't exhaust ourselves. If the obstacle is an animal object, we can tempt it to move away. If it is a human being, we can persuade him to allow us to go past. The key point is this --- you don't have to have a direct attack by force. There are many other ways. Think about the alternatives. That's also a winning strategy against a strong enemy. Sun Zi tells us to avoid his strengths and attack his weaknesses. 

Empty can enter any solid wall - Electromagnetic Waves

Taking the gentleness, or softness, to the extreme, it becomes emptiness or without a body. If it is emptiness, then it can go through solid wall since is it formless energy, energy without solid mass. Think about electromagnetic waves. You can receive radio, TV, and mobile phones signals anywhere anytime (assuming the energy is powerful enough to travel the distance and through the resistance). Maybe we can call this "the Formless Principle" which states without form, it can go through walls. That is why it is stronger than the hardest object.

Application of Formless Principle - Teaching by Walk rather than Talk
Lao Zi gives us an example of teaching without speaking or perhaps nagging is a better word. How do we teach without talking? By showing. By doing as an example for others to follow easily. Many companies have statements of mission, visions, and values. The best way to describe values statements is to describe them in observable behavior so that others can copy them. Describe them in abstract terms are subject to different interpretations by different people. 

More Examples?

This seemingly no-action formless work brings many benefits but few people understand them said Lao Zi. Another example given by Lao Zi is the Invisible Leader, the highest form of leadership. The details are in Levels of Leadership - Can We Measure Leadership? of DaoDeJing 17.

Lim Liat (c) 24 Nov 2016

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Here is DeepSeek's improvement:

The Most Powerful Force is Gentleness: The Formless Principle

The Core Paradox: The greatest power is not found in hardness or force, but in gentleness, softness, and emptiness. This is the "Formless Principle"—what lacks substance can penetrate that which seems most solid.

This idea, expressed in DaoDeJing Chapter 43, finds surprising resonance in Einstein's E=mc² (where massless energy, like light, is the universe's ultimate speed limit) and in the electromagnetic waves that pass effortlessly through walls to connect our world.

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The Text: DaoDeJing Chapter 43

1. 天下之至柔，驰骋天下之至坚。
The softest thing in the world overcomes the hardest.
2. 无有入无间，吾是以知无为之有益。
That which is without substance can enter where there is no crevice. Hence, I know the value of non-action.
3. 不言之教，无为之益，天下希及之。
The teaching without words, the benefit of non-action, few in the world can attain this.

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Interpretation & Application

1. Gentleness Overcomes Hardness: The Strategy of Indirect Action.
The direct approach—pushing against an obstacle—is valid only if your strength is superior. When it is not, gentleness offers superior strategies. One can go around an obstacle, preserving energy. One can persuade, entice, or adapt, transforming conflict into cooperation. As Sun Tzu advises: avoid the enemy's strength and attack his weakness. The gentle water, given time, wears down the rigid rock. True power lies not in confrontation, but in intelligent, adaptable flow.

2. The Formless Principle: Emptiness Penetrates the Solid.
Take gentleness to its extreme: it becomes emptiness, the "thing without a body." Being formless, it cannot be opposed. This is not a metaphor but a physical reality. Electromagnetic waves (light, radio, Wi-Fi) are massless energy that permeate solid barriers. They represent the ultimate "non-action action"—working silently, invisibly, and effortlessly. This is the power of the formless: it operates without friction, resistance, or announcement.

3. Teaching Without Words: Leadership by Example.
Lao Zi’s prime example is "teaching without talking." This is not silence, but exemplification. Abstract mission statements are less powerful than observable behavior. A leader who embodies integrity teaches it more profoundly than one who merely lectures about it. This "invisible leadership" (detailed in Chapter 17) creates influence that feels effortless, where direction emerges not from command, but from inspired imitation.

4. The Benefit of Wu Wei (Non-Action Action).
Wu Wei is not passivity. It is action so aligned with the natural flow of things that it leaves no disruptive trace. It is the farmer who plants seeds in season, not the one who pulls on shoots to hasten growth. It is solving a problem at its root cause rather than constantly battling symptoms. Its benefits—efficiency, sustainability, and deep influence—are often overlooked because its work is quiet and its successes seem to happen "naturally."

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Synthesis: The Gentle Power in Your Life

The Formless Principle invites a shift from forceful effort to intelligent presence.

• In Communication: Seek to understand and flow around resistance rather than argue against it. A gentle question can open a heart a forceful statement will harden.
• In Problem-Solving: Look for the root, the unseen pattern, or the alternative path. Don't just push harder on the locked door; find the key, the window, or the reason it's locked.
• In Personal Growth: The most transformative changes often come not from brutal self-discipline, but from gentle, consistent awareness and the subtle release of old habits.
• In Leadership: Cultivate influence through integrity, empathy, and example. Create an environment where the right action feels like the obvious, natural choice.

Conclusion:
Lao Zi observes that few truly grasp this. We are conditioned to value the solid, the loud, and the forceful. Yet, the most pervasive forces in the universe—gravity, love, ideas, light—are invisible and gentle in their operation. To master the Formless Principle is to stop swimming against the current and to learn, instead, the art of reading the river and letting its power carry you forward.

— Inspired by the insights of Lim Liat (2016)

 

The Creative Process of Dao and the Secret to Abundance - DaoDeJing 42

Diversity is good because it brings forth abundance. What is needed is harmonious interactions. Lives go in cycles and so we must always follow the seasons and trends. Going against the trends will have bad consequences. DaoDeJing 42

DaoDeJing Chapter 42 Text and Translation:

1 道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物；

Dao gives birth to one, one gives birth to two [yin and yang], and the two interact to give birth to three [the third dimension, the new generation]. Such interactions create all things [in 3 dimensions].

2 万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。

All things have yin on the backside/inside and yang as the frontal/external cover. The life energy interact harmoniously [for growth].

3 人之所恶，唯孤寡不谷，而王公以为称；

What people dislike are the lonely, neglected, and lack but the kings and dukes use such to address themselves. (The more honorable one becomes, the greater humility must be shown).

4 故物或损之而益，或益之而损；

Hence, for many things, we give first and then receive. (Sow first to reap later).

Or we could increase and then decline. [It is an unending cycle of yin and yang, give and receive]

5 人之所教，我亦教之。

What useful lessons people taught me, I also teach others. (Receive and Give)

6 强梁者不得其死，吾将以为教父。

The tyrant does not die peacefully. I will take this lesson as my teacher.

Harmonious Interactions bring forth Abundances - Verse 1 & 2
Most people misunderstand the concept of Yin-Yang. They think that they are two entirely separate opposite entities. Lao Zi tells us that it is not so. Yin-Yang comes from the same thing, the one. Yin and Yang are just two faces of the same one coin. One cannot exist without the other. When there is a head, there must also at the same time, a tail. The change in the world is like rotating a coin vertically. You may first see the head-face fully, but then, there will slowly be more and more of the tail-face as rotation occurs until there is a complete tail-face. Then there is another key concept of there is always yin in yang and yang in yin. Yin and Yang belong to the same One and they complement each other.
So two different attributes combine in different amounts to produce endless varieties of things.

We can also interpret verse 1 as male and female coming from the same species. Male and female interact to produce the next generations and the next without end. The lesson we learn from here is abundance comes from the harmonious interactions of diversities. Differences are good. It is to be appreciated rather than merely tolerated as in the case of human societies. We like to have many species in the animal kingdom so why can't we have that in the human species?

• Genesis 1:27 God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. 28 God blessed them; and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over every living thing that moves on the earth.” 

The secret of creativity is simple. Bring in diversities together and let the new connections be formed.

Life is a cycle - There is a time to give and a time to receive Verse 3 & 4
Many things in life follow the same principle of giving first to receive. In farming, we sow the seeds, water them, fertilize the fields, and then we reap the harvest. In business, we invest first to build the products and then get paid when customers buy them.  The sad part in human activities is when we have increased in wealth and honor, we then have the tendency to become proud and wasteful. Our increases eventually bring forth our decline.  Over-eating is bad for health. So, a strategy to defeat an enemy is to give in to him and let him become proud and then negligent.

Consider the following passage from the Bible:
Ecclesiastes 3New English Translation (NET Bible)

A Time for All Events in Life
3 For everything there is an appointed time,
and an appropriate time for every activity on earth:
2 A time to be born, and a time to die;
a time to plant, and a time to uproot what was planted;
3 A time to kill, and a time to heal;
a time to break down, and a time to build up;
4 A time to weep, and a time to laugh;
a time to mourn, and a time to dance.
5 A time to throw away stones, and a time to gather stones;
a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;
6 A time to search, and a time to give something up as lost;
a time to keep, and a time to throw away;
7 A time to rip, and a time to sew;
a time to keep silent, and a time to speak.
8 A time to love, and a time to hate;
a time for war, and a time for peace.

Man is Ignorant of God’s Timing 
9 What benefit can a worker gain from his toil?
10 I have observed the burden
that God has given to people to keep them occupied.
11 God has made everything fit beautifully in its appropriate time,
but he has also placed ignorance in the human heart
so that people cannot discover what God has ordained,
from the beginning to the end of their lives.

Never go by force, against the Dao - Verse 5 & 6
"The tyrant does not die peacefully" is such an important concept that it was taught and passed down through the generations. So, the use of force, forcing people to do things they don't like, or going against the trends of the time. is very dangerous. In the short term, you may think it is effective. But in the long term, it will never have a good ending. Ignorant of God's timing and doing the wrong things at the wrong time by force is also not excusable for men.

Lim Liat (c) 23 Nov 2016