10 December 2010

Levels of Leadership - Can We Measure Leadership?

This is copied from my bvotech/blog Levels of Leadership – Which Level are Yours?

Is there a way to measure how good a leader we are? In the typical maturity model (like CMMI for software or system integration development), there is a rating of 1 to 5, with 1 meaning non-existence or ad hoc, 2 for managed, 3 for defined, 4 for quantitative managed, and 5 for optimizing. That is probably a good measure for a process, or process control, to be more precise. What about these more intangible things called “Leadership”? How do we measure the quality or level of leadership?

Leadership is about leading and managing people to accomplish a mission together.

Achievement of the mission is the outcome measure of the team leader + the people/followers. What about just the leader alone? How do we measure him besides the outcome measure of goal accomplishment? We are left with the other key parameter – the people or the followers. What do the followers think of their leader? This was in fact what Lao Zi did, writing about 2600 years ago in Dao De Jing Chapter 17.  Below is a mind-map of the Chinese and the English translation:



If we go by Level 0 as no leadership, or not a leader, then we can base on Lao Zi’s rating and come out with the rating as follows:
  1. Level 1: Not a leader. May be a competent individual or worker.
  2. Level 2: A leader who is despised and hated by his followers.  Lao Zi explained that such a leader lacks integrity. The followers do not trust him. This is likely that such a leader tries to lead them by spinning stories and telling them lies. He led them by hiding information, distorting stories, hiding the truth, and trying to manipulate them through their lack of knowledge. It may work for the short term, but the people found out the truth.
  3. Level 3: A leader whom they feared. The leader rules by strict laws and punishments. He rules by creating fear.  Follow me exactly, or else. He is likely exhibiting the behavior of an autocratic leader.  His model of people is Theory X – people are lazy and need to be forced to work hard.
  4. Level 4: A leader that people love and honor, and praise. This is a leader who shows concern for his followers and takes good care of them. He is also a leader with wisdom that do things productively, rightly, and fair, gaining the respect and praise of his followers. He probably practices situational leadership and servant leadership.
  5. Level 5: An invisible leader that no one knows! This is because the people thought that they accomplished the mission by themselves! Or they accomplish the mission together. The credit belongs to no one but everyone in the team! The leader does not see the accomplishment of the team as more important than himself. He just wants to see the mission accomplished and the team succeed. Once the mission is accomplished, he does not fight for rewards or credits but gives the rewards to his people. He stepped down and stepped out quietly.  This is the principle of Lao Zi's’ Self-directed team or “Non-violating the Way/Dao Action management”, 无为而治.
How can one be an invincible leader? (updated by liat 20 Nov 2015)
  • Give them a mission-vision-values that they can believe in and adopt as their own. They will naturally try to achieve the vision without being forced to. This belief, the philosophy is the Dao, the 1st factor of Sun Zi's Art of War's 5 factors.
  • Foresee and prevent the problems that may arise. Because there are no problems, people will never be aware of it. Leadership is taken for granted. 
  • Do not demand or fight for credits and rewards. Pass to able hands and leave when the mission is accomplished.
  • Giving the resources, setting up the infrastructure, and the operating procedures that enable the people to work together effectively. They follow the system and forget about the leaders who make all this possible in the first place.
We see the progress, from non-leader, lousy leader (despised and hated), fearful leader, loved and honored leader, and self-directed or self-managed team (invisible leader).

How productive is such a team?
  1. No leadership is a gathering, may be social, that does not accomplish any mission (no one sets the mission).
  2. Bad leadership does not accomplish much, and may continue the loss-making.
  3. Fearful leadership accomplishes the mission with a minimum standard.
    The people, due to fear, do the very minimum to satisfy the standard requirements. Why? Because any attempt to do new things may end in a mistake. Any such mistake will be heavily punished. Hence, it is better for people to do as little as possible to minimize mistakes. This kind of leadership may still work well in situations and processes that are stable and well-known. However, in a situation of change, such leadership and method will fail.
  4. In this world of knowledge and conceptual economy, of increasing complexity and increasing pace of change, the knowledge to do things well does not reside in a few people, whether the chairman, CEO, or COO, by everywhere in the organization. It is better to consolidate and aggregate the wisdom of everyone in and even without (the customers, the suppliers, partners, etc) to define the strategies and work together to accomplish the mission and vision of the organization. This present world needs the leadership of Level 4 Honored Leader and 5 Invisible Leader to succeed, especially in the long run.

It may be good to compare with Jim Collins (‘Good to Great’ Book Author), Level 5 Leadership.

The levels are:
Level 1 Capable Individual
Level 2 Contributing Team Member
Level 3 Competent Manager – Organizes people and resources to achieve predetermined objectives.
Level 4 Effective Leader – Motivates people to achieve a clear, compelling vision with high performance standards.
Level 5 Executive – Humility+Will Power to accomplish great and lasting missions with people.

Jim Collins has the additional descriptions for the Level 5 Leader:
  • Face the facts and handle the realities. Do whatever is right and needed. Stick to Core Values.
  • The right person on the bus in the right Seat and the Wrong person off the bus and sets the direction.
  • Hedgehog perseverance to be the Best =Passion of People + What the Organization is Best at + Its Best Economics
  • Culture of Discipline = Disciplined People, Disciplined Thought, Disciplined Action.
  • Use of Technologies as Accelerators
  • Flywheel – build up from small and increase to a breakthrough.
  • Core Values: Focus on Organization, People, and NOT self. Be Ethical.
  • Succession Planning for Creating a Lasting Organization
The qualities of Jim’s Level 5 Leader are like Lao Zi Level 4 The Loved and Honored Leader.  It is close to Lao Zi’s Level 5: The Invisible Leader. The Ancient Chinese Classics also have much to say about Leadership and cover much greater depth than the Level 5 Leadership. It is summarized in “内圣外王” -  A Saint within will make a King without. Great leadership comes from a strong inner character and wisdom. I will cover this more in the future. A short post with the Christian perspective is in How to be King.

Lim Liat (c)

See also The Simple 4 Dimensions Measure of Leadership Quality

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